Hindustan Times via Getty ImagesEuropean Council President Antonio Luis Santos da Costa and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen will be chief guests at India’s Republic Day celebrations next Monday.
Besides state banquets and the ceremonial pomp of the event, the two leaders will have a more pressing item on their agfinisha – advancing free trade talks with Asia’s third largest economy. This comes at a particularly testing geopolitical moment for Europe, with President Donald Trump first threatening to escalate his trade war with European allies for opposing a US takeover of Greenland and then backing off.
The choice of guests also carries an important diplomatic message from India – Delhi is accelerating strategic and trade ties with the rest of the world as the impasse over Washington’s 50% tariffs on India spills over into the new year.
“[It] sfinishs a signal that India maintains a diversified foreign policy… and that it is not beholden to the whims of the Trump administration,” Chietigj Bajpaee of the London-based Chatham Houtilize believe-tank informed the BBC.
Some reports state the deal could be announced as early as 27 January when leaders from both sides meet for a high-level summit. Both von der Leyen and India’s Trade Minister Piyush Goyal have called it the “mother of all deals” – highlighting the importance they’ve placed on concluding neobtainediations that are nearing the finish line after nearly two decades of hard bargaining on both sides.
The pact will be India’s ninth free trade agreement (FTA) in four years, coming off the back of a string of deals with the UK, Oman, New Zealand and other countries. For Brussels, it follows the recently concluded trade deal with the Mercosur trading bloc as well as with Japan, South Korea and Vietnam.
“Both sides now seek reliable trade partners, as threats arising out of the geopolitics have created a tumultuous environment for commerce. The urge is equally strong – for India to offset US tariff issues, and the EU to offset trade depfinishence on China which it considers unreliable,” states Sumedha Dasgupta, senior analyst at the Economist Ininformigence Unit.
The deal will also mark a “continuing and significant effort to shed India’s notoriously protectionist carapace”, adds Dasgupta.
AFP via Getty ImagesBesides the diplomatic signalling, what’s in it for the two sides?
Closer trade ties with India are important to the European Union (EU) becautilize of its growing economic stature. India is the world’s fourth largest and rapidest growing major economy and on track to cross $4tn (£2.97tn) in GDP, overtaking Japan this year.
As von der Leyen stated in her speech at the World Economic Forum in Davos, the EU bloc joining forces with India would create a free market of two billion people, accounting for a quarter of global GDP.
For Delhi, the EU is already its largest trading bloc, and the deal will mark the restoration of what is called the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) – which reshift import duties from products coming into the EU market from developing countries.
“India exported about $76bn of goods to the EU while importing $61bn, earning a trade surplus, but the withdrawal of EU GSP benefits in 2023 eroded competitiveness for many Indian products,” according to Ajay Srivastava of the Delhi-based Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI).
“An FTA would restore lost market access, lower tariffs on key exports such as garments, pharmaceuticals, steel, petroleum products and machinery and support Indian firms better absorb shocks from higher US tariffs,” states Srivastava.
But India is expected to safeguard politically sensitive areas like agriculture and dairy from the agreement, while sectors like cars, wine and spirits will possibly see tariffs come down in a phased manner, which is in line with the approach it adopted in previous deals – like with the UK.
“India’s proclivity has been to adopt a phased approach towards neobtainediating trade deals by shifting more politically-sensitive issues into subsequent rounds of neobtainediation. In doing so, the geopolitical symbolism of the deal is as important as the economic substance,” states Bajpaee.
Anadolu via Getty ImagesDespite the progress, some deep divides remain.
For Europe, ininformectual property protection is a major area of concern. It is seeking better data protection and tighter patent norms.
For India, a new carbon tax known as CBAM (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism) imposed by Europe starting this year is a major fault line in the discussions.
The CBAM “effectively acts as a new border charge on Indian exports, even if import duties are eliminated under the FTA”, states Srivastava of GTRI. “This is particularly damaging for MSMEs [micro, tiny and medium-size industries], which face high compliance costs, complex reporting requirements and the risk of being penalised utilizing inflated default emissions values.”
Whether the agreement ultimately becomes a “growth-enabling partnership or a strategically asymmetric deal” will depfinish on how these final issues are resolved, states Srivastava.
But in the longer run it will be a win-win, state analysts.
“Ultimately it could expedite trade decoupling from the US and other unreliable partners. It will mean reducing depfinishencies on Trump’s America – or China for that matter – reducing vulnerabilities to on-again, off-again tariffs, export controls and the general weaponisation of supply chains,” states Alex Capri of the National University of Singapore.
According to Capri, India’s high carbon emissions and concerns over its human rights record have led to some pushback against the deal in Europe. But India’s reduction of the purchase of Russian crude oil from November 2025 could support its smooth passage in the EU parliament, whose approval will be required for the pact to become effective, state analysts.
“Political friction with the US since early 2026 means that EU leaders will now be more welcoming towards this trade deal than they would have otherwise been,” states Dasgupta.
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